710 research outputs found
Direct Quadrature Conditional Moment Closure for Turbulent Non-Premixed Combustion
The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the authorThe accurate description of the turbulence chemistry interactions that can determine chemical conversion rates and flame stability in turbulent combustion modelling is a challenging research
area. This thesis presents the development and implementation of a model for the treatment of fluctuations around the conditional mean (i.e., the auto-ignition and extinction phenomenon) of
realistic turbulence-chemistry interactions in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The
wider objective is to apply the model to advanced combustion modelling and extend the present analysis to larger hydrocarbon fuels and particularly focus on the ability of the model to capture
the effects of particulate formation such as soot.
A comprehensive approach for modelling of turbulent combustion is developed in this work. A direct quadrature conditional moment closure (DQCMC) method for the treatment of realistic turbulence-chemistry interactions in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software is described. The method which is based on the direct quadrature method of moments (DQMOM) coupled with the Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) equations is in simplified form and easily
implementable in existing CMC formulation for CFD code. The observed fluctuations of scalar dissipation around the conditional mean values are captured by the treatment of a set of mixing environments, each with its pre-defined weight. In the DQCMC method the resulting equations
are similar to that of the first-order CMC, and the “diffusion in the mixture fraction space” term
is strictly positive and no correction factors are used. Results have been presented for two mixing environments, where the resulting matrices of the DQCMC can be inverted analytically.
Initially the DQCMC is tested for a simple hydrogen flame using a multi species chemical scheme containing nine species. The effects of the fluctuations around the conditional means are
captured qualitatively and the predicted results are in very good agreement with observed trends from direct numerical simulations (DNS). To extend the analysis further and validate the model
for larger hydrocarbon fuel, the simulations have been performed for n-heptane flame using detailed multi species chemical scheme containing 67 species. The hydrocarbon fuel showed improved results in comparison to the simple hydrogen flame. It suggests that higher
hydrocarbons are more sensitive to local scalar dissipation rate and the fluctuations around the
conditional means than the hydrogen. Finally, the DQCMC is coupled with a semi-empirical soot
model to study the effects of particulate formation such as soot. The modelling results show to
predict qualitatively the trends from DNS and are in very good agreement with available
experimental data from a shock tube concerning ignition delays time. Furthermore, the findings
suggest that the DQCMC approach is a promising framework for soot modelling.UK research council (EPSRC) through the grant EP/F036965/1 and Department of Energy and Process Engineering
at the Norwegian University of Science and Technolog
Analysing Inflation: Monetary and Real Theories
The paper seeks to analyse the inflationary trends observed in
Pakistan in the recent past by applying both the monetary and real
theories. The former explains inflation in terms of changes in liquidity
per unit of real output and velocity whereas the latter makes use of
real variables, especially, the structure of economy. Since the ratio
between money spending (quantity of money times velocity) and real GDP
defines general price level, monetary theory offers a natural tool for
analysing inflation. Even factors like raising utility prices by the
government or higher expected inflation add to inflation only when the
additional demand for money generated by these factors is met with an
accommodating increase in money supply (with stable velocity). During
FY86 to 96 in Pakistan, money supply grew by 15.4 percent, GDP by 5.3
percent, and velocity by –0.24 percent. This yields an estimated
inflation of 9.4 percent, very close to the actual one of 9.2 percent.
Interestingly enough, more than half of the money expansion during the
90s emanated from credit for budgetary support, rendering the latter an
active source of inflation. Under the real theory, we focused on
full-cost-pricing wherein the market value-added price is defined as a
weighted sum of various primary costs, e.g., wages, profits, and net
indirect taxes. To capture the impact of terms of trade, foreign trade
flows were added. It has been estimated that the overall inflation of
9.4 percent during FY86–95 was contributed to the extent of 5.6 points
by profits, 2.2 points by wages, 0.9 by net indirect taxes and 0.7 by
terms of trade. From policy perspective, monetary analysis has an edge
over real analysis as controlling inflation through monetary management
is relatively easier than through regulating various costs elements
which go into the formation of price
Evolve the Model Universe of a System Universe
Uncertain, unpredictable, real time, and lifelong evolution causes
operational failures in intelligent software systems, leading to significant
damages, safety and security hazards, and tragedies. To fully unleash the
potential of such systems and facilitate their wider adoption, ensuring the
trustworthiness of their decision making under uncertainty is the prime
challenge. To overcome this challenge, an intelligent software system and its
operating environment should be continuously monitored, tested, and refined
during its lifetime operation. Existing technologies, such as digital twins,
can enable continuous synchronisation with such systems to reflect their most
updated states. Such representations are often in the form of prior knowledge
based and machine learning models, together called model universe. In this
paper, we present our vision of combining techniques from software engineering,
evolutionary computation, and machine learning to support the model universe
evolution
Hybrid Multi-Level Detection and Mitigation of Clone Attacks in Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN).
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are often deployed in hostile environments, where an adversary can physically capture some of the sensor nodes. The adversary collects all the nodes' important credentials and subsequently replicate the nodes, which may expose the network to a number of other security attacks, and eventually compromise the entire network. This harmful attack where a single or more nodes illegitimately claims an identity as replicas is known as the node replication attack. The problem of node replication attack can be further aggravated due to the mobile nature in WSN. In this paper, we propose an extended version of multi-level replica detection technique built on Danger Theory (DT), which utilizes a hybrid approach (centralized and distributed) to shield the mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) from clone attacks. The danger theory concept depends on a multi-level of detections; first stage (highlights the danger zone (DZ) by checking the abnormal behavior of mobile nodes), second stage (battery check and random number) and third stage (inform about replica to other networks). The DT method performance is highlighted through security parameters such as false negative, energy, detection time, communication overhead and delay in detection. The proposed approach also demonstrates that the hybrid DT method is capable and successful in detecting and mitigating any malicious activities initiated by the replica. Nowadays, crimes are vastly increasing and it is crucial to modify the systems accordingly. Indeed, it is understood that the communication needs to be secured by keen observation at each level of detection. The simulation results show that the proposed approach overcomes the weaknesses of the previous and existing centralized and distributed approaches and enhances the performance of MWSN in terms of communication and memory overhead
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